Biomechanics of Sports-Induced Axial-Compression Injuries of the Neck

Journal of Athletic Training, 2012 · DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.06 · Published: October 1, 2012

Spinal Cord Injury Orthopedics Biomechanics

Simple Explanation

This study uses a cadaveric neck model to simulate head-first impacts in sports, focusing on how these impacts cause neck injuries. The model helps understand the biomechanical responses and the ways the neck fails under such impacts. The research found that injuries occur very quickly after impact due to head deceleration and torso momentum.

Study Duration

Not specified

Participants

Five human cadaveric cervical spine specimens

Evidence Level

Descriptive laboratory study

Key Findings

1
The first compression force peaks at the impact barrier, occipital condyles, and neck occur earlier than global compression peaks.
2
Neck injuries due to axial compression occur within 20 milliseconds of impact.
3
Observed injuries include fractures of the occipital condyle, atlas, odontoid, and subaxial comminuted burst and facet fractures.

Research Summary

This study developed a cadaveric neck model to simulate head-first impacts in sports and investigate biomechanical responses and failure mechanisms. The research found that local compression force peaks at the impact barrier, occipital condyles, and neck occur earlier than global compression peaks. The study concludes that neck injuries due to axial compression occur rapidly after impact due to head deceleration and torso momentum.

Practical Implications

Improved Clinical Awareness

Understanding injury mechanisms can improve immediate care for athletes with neck injuries.

Protective Equipment Design

Insights into injury biomechanics can lead to better protective equipment to reduce neck injury severity.

Rule Changes and Training

The findings support the need for rule changes and training to prevent dangerous head-first impacts.

Study Limitations

1
The sample size was limited to 5 specimens with an average age of 86.8 years.
2
Specimens likely had decreased bone mass, density, and strength compared with the younger athletic population.
3
The cadaveric neck model did not include an active neuromuscular response.

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