Evaluation the Efficiency of Electrical Stimulation Advanced Methods on Management of Bowel and Bladder Functions in Spinal Cord Injury Subject; A Systematic Review of Literature

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to loss of bowel and bladder control, impacting daily life and social activities. Various methods, including Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), are used to help restore these functions. Electrical stimulation techniques, such as stimulating the tibial nerve, sacral nerve root, or abdominal muscles, along with exercises, have shown promise in improving bowel and bladder function in SCI patients. While these stimulation methods show promise, challenges remain, such as reducing infection risk, minimizing sexual side effects, and lowering stimulation thresholds. Further research is needed to optimize these approaches.

• 1
  Functional-magnetic-stimulation (FMS) can stimulate the colon and reduce colon transit time (CTT), potentially treating neurological bowel dysfunction in SCI patients.
• 2
  Sacral rhizotomy combined with anterior sacral root stimulation effectively restores bladder function in SCI patients with hyperactive bladders.
• 3
  Sacral nerve stimulation improves the quality of life for most subjects by reducing incontinence episodes and improving anal canal pressure.