In vivo imaging in experimental spinal cord injury – Techniques and trends

Brain and Spine, 2022 · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2021.100859 · Published: December 29, 2021

Spinal Cord Injury Medical Imaging Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cells

Simple Explanation

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a major cause of disability, with limited treatment options. Experimental research using in vivo imaging techniques is crucial for understanding SCI pathophysiology and developing new therapies for spinal cord regeneration. This review examines current experimental imaging standards in SCI research, focusing on in vivo imaging of spinal cord regeneration at the neuronal, vascular, and cellular levels, highlighting techniques like MRI, micro-CT, and in vivo microscopy. Modern experimental imaging techniques offer the potential to significantly advance knowledge of spinal cord regeneration following SCI. A thorough understanding of these techniques' strengths and limitations is vital for maximizing their use in research.

Study Duration

March 2020–November 2021

Participants

Rodent subjects

Evidence Level

Systematic Literature Review

Key Findings

1
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), including functional MRI (fMRI) and microstructural MRI, is used for morphological assessment, lesion volumetry, and evaluation of the blood-spinal-cord-barrier integrity.
2
Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) is utilized for high-resolution bone imaging and assessment of the spinal subarachnoid space, microangioarchitecture, and posttraumatic tissue integrity.
3
Very High Resolution Ultrasound (VHRUS) allows for longitudinal quantification of posttraumatic morphological alterations and changes in hemodynamics in the spinal cord.

Research Summary

This study comprehensively reviews experimental in vivo imaging setups used in SCI research to provide an up-to-date overview for researchers aiming to advance knowledge of spinal cord regeneration and repair. The review highlights the dynamic evolution of in vivo imaging techniques, such as high-resolution MRI, fMRI with TMS, μCT, VHRUS with contrast-enhanced or photoacoustic imaging, and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, enabling real-time imaging of neuronal, vascular, and cellular regeneration. A key conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding the strengths and limitations of each imaging technique to optimally utilize current experimental resources in the field of SCI research.

Practical Implications

Enhanced Understanding of SCI Pathophysiology

In vivo imaging techniques provide detailed insights into the complex mechanisms of spinal cord injury and regeneration, facilitating a deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.

Improved Development of Regenerative Therapies

Longitudinal monitoring of spinal cord regeneration allows for real-time assessment of therapeutic interventions, aiding in the development and refinement of effective treatments.

Clinical Translation Potential

Several imaging modalities, such as MRI and ultrasound, have the potential for clinical translation, enabling improved diagnosis and monitoring of SCI patients.

Study Limitations

1
The review does not provide a detailed analysis of all subsets of each discussed imaging technique.
2
The methodological heterogeneity in the analyzed studies is high, with variations in animal models and SCI induction methods.
3
The review lacks differentiation in the specific application of imaging methods for different injury and animal models.

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