Cell Tissue Res., 2012 · DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1388-6 · Published: July 1, 2012
Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system is hindered by several factors, including the lack of growth substrates, insufficient activation of neuron-intrinsic regenerative programs, and extracellular inhibitors. Neurotrophic factors can stimulate axonal growth, but their efficacy is limited by the complex environment of the injured spinal cord, necessitating combination with other treatments. The precise control of the temporal and spatial distribution of growth factors is crucial for achieving biologically active concentrations, guiding axons, and preventing adverse effects.
Combining multiple treatment approaches, such as neurotrophic factors, cell transplantation, and degradation of inhibitory molecules, can significantly enhance axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
Controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of growth factors, by establishing growth factor gradients or regulating their expression, is crucial for effective axonal guidance and regeneration.
Stimulating the intrinsic regenerative capacity of injured neurons, through conditioning lesions or activation of specific signaling pathways, can promote long-distance axonal regeneration.